Best Emergency Medicine Books – 2022 Review Guide

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If you are currently looking for an Emergency Medicine book, you probably would agree with this statement:

With all the options out there, finding the best Emergency Medicine book to give you the best bang for your buck is not an easy task.

No matter what type of EM book you are looking for, determining which Emergency Medicine book is the right choice for you can be a process that takes a lot of time – something most EM practitioners don’t have. With the help and advice of some seasoned Emergency Medicine doctors, we put together this list of the Emergency Medicine books and textbooks to help you save time and money.

Best Emergency Medicine Books – 2022

Like all Emergency Medicine books, some books are long, in-depth textbooks that have great value as references while others are small and concise and meant to be used during a shift or while you are on the go. One thing that is certain is that these books are good enough to make it onto our best Emergency Medicine books list in case you are looking to get one right now.

1. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice – Editor’s Choice

Written and edited by some of the original leaders of Emergency Medicine, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine is one of the most comprehensive textbooks available in Emergency Medicine and it currently tops our list as the best Emergency Medicine book. Consolidated into two volumes (previously 3), Rosen’s Emergency Medicine is an in-depth work that should be considered as the cornerstone of every serious Emergency Medicine practitioner’s library.

Chapter by chapter, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine digs into the wide range of conditions and presentations one might encounter during the practice of Emergency Medicine. Diseases are presented and examined from top to bottom and examined from a number of different angles. In that process, differential diagnoses for Emergency Medicine diseases are reviewed and refined and diagnostic and treatment plans are articulated. The contributing authors are some of the leading experts in the field and, simple paging through the text, one gets a sense that one is learning from some of the top minds in the field of Emergency Medicine with a robust list of references.

One major problem with Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, like many reference textbooks in Emergency Medicine, is its length. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine comes packaged in multiple volumes and large print when compared to its main rival, Tintinalli’s. If you are studying sections of Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, this may be preferred, but the size of the entire package will work against you if you are attempting to carry the whole series around at one time. The electronic versions of Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, on last review, were a bit buggy and not well-optimized in terms of finding necessary information but we expect that to improve over time. Occasionally, we also found some of the chapters of Rosen’s Emergency Medicine to be wordy and slightly inefficient at delivering the material. In rare circumstances, the content of Rosen’s Emergency Medicine even felt thin to us and left us a bit hungrier for more.

Additionally, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine is not cheap relative to other options out there. However, given that it is a purchase that will provide value as a reference for years to come, we think that the higher price is worth the high value of the content. An epic volume that stands alone as a resource for Emergency Medicine practitioners, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine book currently tops our list for the best Emergency Medicine book available at this time.

2. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine – Emergency Medicine Textbook Value

Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine, a stalwart in the annals of Emergency Medicine books, in an excellent value when considering the Emergency Medicine reference books out there. Consistent with prior editions, Tinitalli’s delivers concise yet thorough knowledge across a wide range of Emergency Medicine topics.

One highlight of Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine is that it often digs into potentially forgotten topics that may have new relevancy as one gets more experience. As we are all aware, the initial phases of training in medicine involve a bunch of fact memorization, test taking, and then the forgetting of those facts to make room for new information. Then, over time, memorized facts become intuitive knowledge anchored by experiences and we find ourselves with more room for new information. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine plays to this knowledge evolution as it takes previously memorized concepts and articulates them in a way that a more experienced practitioner can appreciate. For example, there is a section on how fresh frozen plasma is prepared for clinical use – information that most providers have likely forgotten over the years but would nonetheless find interesting. Consequently, Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine is a reference that can be utilized as a reference by both novice and expert practitioners.

Additionally, Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine has chapters written from a wide range of experienced contributors, many who participate in major Emergency Medicine organizations like ACEP. One can sense the diverse viewpoints in the writing styles. Even with the wide range of viewpoints, the editing is tight and the overall feel of the text is fairly consistent. Unfortunately, the text size is actually quite small which makes it harder to read but does enable it to pack in a lot more information.

Unfortunately, Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine is not light reading. We commend the text for being straight to the point but, at times, it gets a bit dull. This is an acceptable tradeoff as it is difficult to have an easy reading style and convey real Emergency Medicine information at the same time. Additionally, the text is only published every 4-6 years which lends to some of the information being dated – a criticism which will be true of many of the texts.

3. Roberts and Hedges’ Clinical Procedures In Emergency Medicine – Best Procedure Book

Frequently under the radar, Roberts and Hedges’ Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine is a unique book and one of the best EM procedure books out there. Covering everything from common procedures to esoteric ones, Roberts and Hedges’ Clinical Procedures is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in learning about a new procedure or tightening up one’s existing technique.

Roberts and Hedges’ Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine is generally organized by organ system such that it features sections like cardiac, vascular and gastrointestinal procedures. Each procedure is laid out by chapter and covers an exhaustive amount of information from beginning a procedure to finishing it up. As appropriate, each procedural section reviews applicable anatomy and physiology to create a foundation of understanding around a particular Emergency Medicine procedure. Then, the procedure is reviewed with step-by-step detail, often accompanied by detailed graphics and pictures which help bring the procedure to life. Additional descriptions of complications and other points to consider help round out the overall procedural detail.

Some might argue that the scope of Roberts and Hedges’ Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine is too broad. For example, how many people would actually perform a balloon tamponade of gastroesophageal varices in the Emergency Department while a patient is vomiting up bright red blood all over the place? Nonetheless, in addition to Rosen, this is another book that, in some ways, gets better and more useful as an Emergency provider ages. In the hurry of learning procedural technique while training in Emergency Medicine, many providers miss out on subtle steps that can refine one’s ability to perform a technique and Roberts and Hedges’ Clinical Procedures can help fill those gaps.

4. Tarascon Adult Emergency Medicine Pocket Book – Best Pocket Emergency Medicine Book

For anyone who refuses to pull out their phone in a pinch – either out or respect for the old school practice of medicine or for fear of getting MRSA on your device, the Tarascon Adult Emergency Pocketbook is a handy reference. Like many of the other medical pocketbooks, the Tarascon Adult Emergency Pocketbook fits in most shirt and white coat pockets and is packed full of reference information.

The nice thing about this book is it is relatively easy to get to what you are looking for quickly. In particular, it is very handy when you are dealing with an urgent question and do not have time to head back to your chair and pull out a reference book.

We also like the durability of this book. The cover is well made and, despite heavy uses, our copy was in pretty good shape. The pages hold together nicely and the only major signs of wear were dog-eared pages and a worn out cover. We suspect that making the pocketbook this way adds some cost but we really hope that Tarascon keeps producing it this way as it is a real must given the way it typically gets handled in practice.

As expected for any book this size, the print in the Tarascon Adult Emergency Pocketbook is small. Really small. This will be an issue for anyone who has trouble with reading small print and it can be tough in low lighting situations.

5. Ma & Mateer’s Emergency Ultrasound – Best Emergency Ultrasound Book

If you are interested in emergency ultrasound, look no further than Ma & Mateer’s Emergency Ultrasound. This text has consistently led the pack as emergency ultrasound has grown in prominence and utilization in the ED. Chapter by chapter, this book leads the reader through a clinical overview with anatomical considerations, ultrasound technique and visualization and problem-solving. Additionally, through case studies and comparison scans, Emergency Ultrasound helps the reader see and differentiate normal scans from pathological ones. This book covers all elements of emergency ultrasound from classic uses like trauma, hepatobiliary and cardiac to newer emergency applications such as renal and testicular.

Given its focus exclusively on ultrasound, Ma & Mateer’s Emergency Ultrasound will seem costly unless you are really dedicated to improving your emergency ultrasound skills. Also, this ultrasound book could use an update as emergency ultrasound has changed since its last update. Nonetheless, Ma & Mateer’s Emergency Ultrasound is a solid book that is readable by the novice EM practitioner and is a must have for anyone interested in pursuing ultrasound in more detail.

6. Emergency Medicine Procedures – Rising Procedure Book

Emergency Medicine Procedures is another compendium of procedural information to help dissect the subtleties of procedural Emergency Medicine. Each version seems to get a bit better and, in our opinion, it is a very close second to Roberts & Hedges. In fact, we suspect that it might surpass that volume on the next go around.

This book is filled with excellent graphics, pictures and charts. The chapters are detailed with thorough explanations to walk the reader through a procedure from start to finish. The recent addition of Emergency Medicine Procedures contains a section on ultrasounds – a valuable addition to any procedure book.

Overall, Emergency Medicine Procedures is a great procedure book and one that, along with Roberts & Hedges, is definitely one to consider.

7. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual – Best EM Book for Students

Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual is the pocket manual version of the Tintinalli’s textbook series. Meant to be used on the go, Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual takes an already dense, informative piece of text and condenses it even further. The combination of concentrated information in a pocket format makes it our favorite Emergency Medicine book for medical students.

Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual is laid out to help you absorb information quickly while on a shift. It goes through standard overviews found in most Emergency Medicine pocket manuals, including presentation, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. There are a number of handy pictures and charts to help with the visual aspects of an ED shift. Another good part of Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual (especially if you are a medical student) is that it will be useful as a reference throughout the later stages of residency which makes it a good purchase. We also think this Emergency Medicine manual should be considered a top Emergency Medicine book for NPs and PAs working in Emergency Medicine.

It’s a fair complaint that Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual is a bit larger than most pocket manuals which makes it a bit burdensome to carry around on a shift. Additionally, small aspects of the text are a bit dated but this is a common issue given the printing cycles of all Emergency Medicine books.

8. Critical Care Emergency Medicine – Best Critical Care EM Book

As the Emergency Department increasingly becomes an inpatient facility for sick patients, advanced knowledge of critical care medicine is becoming more and more important. Critical Care Emergency Medicine is one of the first comprehensive texts on the practice of critical care in the ED and was written to help advance the application of these strategies. Written by both Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care physicians, Critical Care Emergency Medicine helps bridge the gap between these two specialties.

Critical Care Emergency Medicine delivers guidance on the approach to a variety of critical care topics such as airway and ventilatory management, cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders and toxicology. Utilizing text accompanied by anatomical explanations, algorithms and color illustrations, Critical Care Emergency Medicine is a detailed look at practicing critical care in the Emergency Department.

Because of its significant depth of information, some might find Critical Care Emergency Medicine excessively complex at times. It does cover situations which rarely happen and one might question whether one should even bother learning this type of knowledge as it will not be remembered in the heat of the moment. Nonetheless, this sort of criticism is splitting hairs if one is truly interested in critical care and Emergency Medicine and should not deter someone from investing in this interesting textbook.

9. Fleisher & Ludwig’s Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine – Best Pediatric Emergency Medicine Book

Fleisher & Ludwig’s Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine is a long stalwart as far as reference books in Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Well-written and comprehensive, it covers the scope of issues that one will face while handling children in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Like many of the best Emergency Medicine books, Fleisher & Ludwig’s Textbook of Pediatric Review starts with an overview of pediatric resuscitation and one’s approach to the injured child. It then discusses how to approach different signs and symptoms when confronting a new pediatric patient in the Emergency Department. It also has interesting sections related to clinical pathways as well as a fairly well-written pediatric procedural section.

While some highly experienced providers might not find much useful or new information in this book, most providers will get something out of it, even if it just serves as a reminder. In our opinion, Fleisher & Ludwig’s Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine is the best pediatric Emergency Medicine book out there.

10. Avoiding Common Errors In The Emergency Department

Avoiding Common Errors In The Emergency Department is an interesting book. The book’s mission seems to be to highlight common errors that providers might make in the Emergency Department and then provide recommendations on how to address such issues.

This book is written by top-notch authors and is packed full of information. What’s really great about this book is it takes common knowledge and attempts to reason through disease processes and management with a higher level of thinking than many books. For experienced practitioners, Avoiding Common Errors In The Emergency Department helps dig into subtleties that are of great concern but might trip up even the most experienced provider.

While providing some clarity on these sorts of issues, Avoiding Common Errors In The Emergency Department does fall short in providing all-encompassing wisdom. Some of the text falls more along the lines of simply offering evidence-based guidelines rather than breakthrough insights. Nonetheless, it is an encouraging approach and a book that any provider looking to improve their skill set should consider.

11. Minor Emergencies: Expert Consult – NP/PA Recommended

Minor Emergencies: Expert Consult is a relatively new addition to the slowly changing Emergency Medicine book market. Minor Emergencies covers a hundreds of minor disease presentations in a compact manner. Minor Emergencies utilizes outlines, illustrations and bullet points to cover material and pairs content with commentary using evidence-based medicine. Useful before or during an ED shift, Minor Emergencies is a concise refresher for relevant details related to minor care. Some might argue that this text has even more application in less acute settings such as an urgent care or clinic.

The team behind Minor Emergencies: Expert Consult has also done a good job of pairing the material with online content. Readers wanting more detail on available topics can simply scan a QR code with their phone or tablet and access one of dozens of videos that cover specific procedures. These videos bring procedures to life and the ease of connecting with them is a big draw, particularly in the heat of a shift or when one is about to perform an uncommon procedure such as removing a foreign body.

Minor Emergencies: Expert Consult was published a few years ago and has not been updated since. A small portion of the material seemed to need some refreshing to adapt to more current practice. Also, Minor Emergencies: Expert Consult is a particularly popular choice with nurse practitioners and physician assistants who are in the early stages of their training but may not be as useful for someone with a few years of clinical experience under their belts.

Emergency Medicine Books – Things to Consider

With all of the Emergency Medicine book options out there, it can be a bit overwhelming to find the perfect resource. This becomes even more challenging given that many of the books are quite pricey (even the electronic versions) and most Emergency Medicine providers would rather spend their limited, hard-earned money in other ways. On top of that, you need to outfit yourself with a good quality stethoscope and other medical equipment.

The principal authors and editors of the book help give you a sense of whether the contributors to the book practice in academic or community settings (or both). While academic contributors are typically current on recommended best practices in Emergency Medicine, community Emergency Medicine contributors sometimes provide gritty, street-level insights on how theoretical Emergency Medicine is applied in community-oriented situations.

The venue in which the Emergency Medicine book will be primarily used is another important question to consider. Chapters in some of the longer, reference books are often laid out in ways that require 30 minutes or more of time to consume. They lay out the pathophysiology, history of present illness, and diagnostic and treatment algorithms in a stepwise manner to lead the reader through a more complete understanding of the complaint or disease. In contrast, the pocket reference guides are designed to be read on the go when one has a few minutes to squeeze in while sitting in the car, right before rounds, or while grabbing a quick bite before heading back to the ED.

With all the Emergency Medicine texts out there, stopping and asking yourself why you are buying the book in the first place may help filter the signal from the noise. Realistically, most books have so much content that it takes weeks to months to consume it all, reason through algorithms and diagnostic approaches, and achieve any meaningful comprehension. As a result, taking a highly focused approach to committing to one or a few Emergency Medicine books for a period of time is usually the best approach.

If you are buying an Emergency Medicine book to have as a multi-year, ongoing reference, then selecting a more comprehensive text like Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine or Rosen’s Emergency Medicine makes sense. If your primary purpose is to have a portable text for reference during your day-to-day practice, a pocket book is more reasonable. If you are studying for the boards, an Emergency Medicine book will present information that’s more aligned with solving problems during a test and will help get your mind thinking that way. Some books may also be preferred as part of any Emergency Medicine book clubs.

Emergency Medicine Book Formats

Most Emergency Medicine books fall into one of three major format categories: Resource, Pocket Guide & Quick Reference. These types of Emergency Medicine book formats each have their strengths and weaknesses which we will go over now.

Emergency Medicine Reference Books

Emergency Medicine reference books are core volumes that form the library of any serious Emergency Medicine practitioner’s library. These books are published relatively infrequently but, when they come out, they represent the standard of care and best thinking out there. Emergency Medicine reference books are usually thick and heavy and cover the clinical presentation from both the chief complaint and the disease process angles.

There is a long-standing debate about whether Rosen’s Emergency Medicine or Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine is better. Some might even refer to it simply as Rosen vs. Tintinalli. While close in quality, some might argue that the Rosen vs. Tintinalli debate is more about what you want in your Emergency Medicine textbook more than anything. Do you want a larger set of volumes with an iconic history that, while heavier, are easier to read? In that case, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine is superior. Or, do you want a slightly more compact, densely packed volume that gets you the Emergency Medicine information that you need without too much extra fluff. In that case, Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine might be your best option.

Emergency Medicine Pocket Guides

Smaller and more portable than reference books, Emergency Medicine pocket guides are more concise versions of reference books and offer algorithms, charts, and bullet points about topics when one is on the go. Emergency Medicine Pocket Guides typically fit tightly into one’s scrubs or white coat pocket and the good ones are highly durable given the wear and tear they are subjected to. Emergency Medicine Pocket Guides typically assume one has an underlying understanding of the basics of the information but may need help on the go with recall of a specific point in places like rounds or at the bedside.

Emergency Medicine Quick References

Quick Reference Emergency Medicine books represent the smallest and most concise format of Emergency Medicine books. They are densely packed with information and assume a strong understanding of Emergency Medicine fundamentals. For example, one might use a Quick Reference book to look up the dose of an ACLS or another common medication or to look up the dermatome map.

What is the Best Emergency Medicine Book For Me?

Depending on your profession and level of training different Emergency Medicine books will have more or less value. Here are some thoughts on the different professional roles in Emergency Medicine and the best Emergency Medicine books for those stages.

Best Emergency Medicine book for Medical Students
The large body of knowledge covered by Emergency Medicine is daunting, particularly when starting out as a student. For students interested in specializing in the field of Emergency Medicine, consider Rosen’s Emergency Medicine as your core textbook. While in the Emergency Department, Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual, while slightly large, will keep you on your toes.

Best Emergency Medicine book for Pediatrics
While there is some overlap between adult Emergency Medicine and Pediatric Emergency Medicine, the best Pediatric Emergency Medicine books will also spend more time discussing child-specific issues in much more detail. Growth curves, formula choices, and pediatric-specific gastrointestinal conditions are just a few examples. For a good Pediatric Emergency Medicine book, check out Fleisher & Ludwig’s Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine.

Best Emergency Medicine books for Nurse Practitioners & Physician Assistants
Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants are playing an increasingly important role in Emergency Medicine departments everywhere. NPs and PAs are skilled front line providers who work independently or in conjunction with attendings to deliver quality care. Given that most NPs and PAs work largely independently in lower acuity settings, one of the best Emergency Medicine books for Nurse Practitioners & Physician Assistants is Minor Emergencies: Expert Consult as it provides a nice overview of the types of conditions that NPs and PAs will often see in the Emergency Department.

Which Emergency Medicine Book Approach Is Better?

While some Emergency Medicine books (particularly larger volumes like Rosen’s) incorporate multiple teaching strategies in their chapters to convey their information, most books use just one approach. We organize Emergency Medicine books into 3 teaching approaches: disease-focused, chief complaint, and question and answer. Let’s take a closer look.

Disease-Focused
In disease-focused Emergency Medicine books, details about emergency conditions are organized around a disease process. The underlying assumption made in these books is that one has been able to achieve a likely diagnosis on a case and now the text will go into different aspects of the disease process (in varying levels of detail, depending on the book).

Take, for example, a chapter on small bowel obstructions. First, the chapter may go over the history and epidemiology of small bowel obstructions to paint a general overview of the disease. Then, the chapter will likely dive into the pathophysiology of the disease process. Following that, there will be some discussion of clinical features, including patient complaints and history and physical findings. To set the reader up to confirm that small bowel obstruction is the primary diagnostic consideration, there will often be a discussion of various diagnoses that should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis and what rules out related possible diagnoses.

Having narrowed in on the likely diagnosis of small bowel obstruction, the chapter will continue with recommended diagnostic studies. Studies summarized will include lab testing, imaging modalities, and potentially other studies which are infrequently available from the ED (e.g. urgent interventional radiology) except in major medical centers. Finally, the chapter will summarize the initial treatment protocol including medications, procedural interventions and consults required. Ultimately, the book chapter on this chapter will make disposition recommendations such as admit or discharge.

Chief Complaint
Chief complaint Emergency Medicine books have some similarities to disease-focused ones but take a different approach. Arguably, these books are more practical for anyone working in the ED pit as they are laid out in a way that is much more aligned with an Emergency Medicine provider’s daily experience. These Emergency Medicine books start with a patient’s chief complaint and work through the decision points that present themselves during the course of working up the patient.

At its simplest form, this form of teaching can be found in the algorithmic approaches used in ACLS to connect the chief complaint, cardiac arrest, with treatment. For example, in a “chief complaint” of cardiac arrest, the rhythm as determined by a machine leads to a clear, almost binary, decision point as far as the next step in management. ACLS, while interesting, is not necessarily the focus of most chief complaint books.

Instead, chief complaint books take the reader through more complex symptoms and presentations. A patient presents with stomach pain. What are all possible diagnoses that should be considered? What is the next question (e.g. where is the stomach pain) that should be asked to filter that list into something more manageable? Question by question, step by step, chief complaint books will lead the reader into branch points around different differential diagnoses. From there, the reader will be led into diagnostic modalities that will help unpack the story even further and lead into finishing steps in the Emergency Department workup.

Question and Answer
Question and Answer books are highly useful when one is preparing for in-service and board exams or just general pimping on rounds. Most of these books present a highly specific question and then give you possible answers to select from. To challenge the reader even further, some of them offer the dreaded “None of the above” answer choice to make sure that you aren’t simply guessing through the process of elimination.

EM Books & Modern Guidelines

In Emergency Medicine, recommendations for the management of a particular condition often come from a variety of sources:

– A recent lecture by a leading academic
– A new paper in a leading journal
– An Emergency Medicine textbook
– A protocol recommended by a leading Emergency Medicine organization
– Decision-making that led to a verdict in a recent medical malpractice case
– Guidelines from the overseeing hospital or organization
– The experience-based advice of a senior Emergency Medicine practitioner

Unfortunately, not all of the recommendations are consistent and its hard to reconcile the subtleties if an efficient manner. On top of that, there is an expectation that the Emergency Medicine practitioner practices with the standard of care, even though there is disagreement on what the standard actually is. How does one process the information from all of these disparate sources to zero in on the right way to practice Emergency Medicine? And, once comfortable, how does one assimilate a new paper or a new guideline into one’s standard practice?

There is not a good answer to this. The pace of innovation and adoption of new Emergency Medicine practices is slow for most practitioners given the risks and potential downside involved and, to some extent, practices are not adopted until more cavalier practitioners have refined and discussed new protocols.

The Value of Emergency Medicine Books

Given the rapid dissemination of information through the internet, in policy guidelines, and from collaboration in practice, the question can be asked if Emergency Medicine books even relevant anymore? Old timers will remember traveling down (often in the basement) to the local academic or hospital library to research answers using a card catalog and dusty tomes with small print in them. While the the days of going to the library and digging through a giant ancient text are probably gone (except for in the most esoteric of specialties), there is a stabilizing role played by Emergency Medicine books in creating a foundation of knowledge.

In most cases, the materials and recommendations in Emergency Medicine textbooks are typically written by well-respected individuals, are thoroughly researched, and pass the sniff test of being within the boundaries of accepted practice. In the circumstance that one faces a medical malpractice situation around a case gone wrong, established textbooks will often be referenced and heavily utilized as the baseline standard of care for the practice of Emergency Medicine. Assuming one is not referencing a long outdated text, the Emergency Medicine book then plays a foundational role in anchoring decisions one made during a difficult case.

Final Thoughts
We hope this Emergency Medicine book guide has been helpful in breaking down what to look for and the various options available when investing your hard-earned money in an Emergency Medicine textbook. We recommend checking out the various Emergency Medicine organizations that have additional guidelines and protocols.